Oct 08, 2023
by Humera

Deep learning is a machine learning technique that makes use of artificial neural networks as well as representation learning. Deep learning necessitates a network with multiple levels of processing capacity. It is possible to use supervised, semi-supervised, and unsupervised methods.

Autonomous vehicles rely heavily on deep learning technology, which is required for voice-activated functions on smartphones, tablets, televisions, and wireless speakers. The recent emphasis on deep learning is a welcome development. It involves accomplishing previously unattainable objectives. Deep learning involves training a computer model to make inferences about its environment without being explicitly programmed to do so. In certain cases, the accuracy of deep learning models can even exceed that of humans. The models are trained using multiple-layer neural network architectures and a vast quantity of labeled data.

Examples of Deep Learning in reality

From autonomous vehicles to medical technology, deep learning applications are ubiquitous.

Self-driving automobiles: The automotive industry uses deep learning to automatically recognize objects such as stop signs and traffic signals. In addition, due to deep learning, pedestrians are easier to identify, resulting in fewer accidents.

Defense and aviation: Using satellite imagery, deep learning can determine whether it is safe for troops to access a given location.

Clinical research: The objective of cancer-related deep learning research is the automatic detection of cancer cells. Researchers at UCLA have created a state-of-the-art microscope that can provide high-dimensional data for instructing a deep learning program to reliably identify cancer cells in tissue samples.

Automation in production: By automatically detecting when people or objects are in hazardous proximity to machinery, deep learning is enhancing worker safety near heavy equipment.

Electronic appliances: Deep learning is currently being applied to automated speech recognition and translation. A variety of voice-activated, preference-remembering home assistant devices use deep learning applications.

How does Deep Learning work?

Neural networks are made up of many layers of nodes, much like the neurons that make up the human brain. Nodes within the same stratum establish interlayer connections. A network is considered to be deeper when it possesses a higher number of layers. One neuron in the human brain receives millions of impulses per second. In an artificial neural network, signals are transmitted between the network's nodes, where they are amplified and assigned weights. The weight of a node determines its influence on the nodes in the next stratum. The last layer's output is the cumulative weighted sum of the inputs. Deep learning systems demand sturdy hardware due to the enormous amounts of data processed and the multiple tough mathematical calculations involved. Even with cutting-edge technology, training a neural network could take several weeks.

Massive data collections are required for deep learning systems to produce accurate results. Artificial neural networks possess the capability to classify incoming data by leveraging a series of binary true or false questions, which entail complex mathematical calculations throughout the processing stage. For instance, a facial recognition system initially learns to recognize and categorize faces based on their edges and lines, then moves on to the faces' most noticeable features, and finally to the faces' complete representations. The program corrects its errors and increases its precision over time. Over time, the reliability of the facial recognition system will increase.

Machine learning vs. Deep learning

Deep learning stands out from traditional machine learning due to its distinctive approach to problem-solving. Machine learning typically requires a domain expert to determine which features to use. However, deep learning can interpret features without any prior domain knowledge.

Due to this, the training time for deep learning algorithms is considerably greater than that required for machine learning algorithms, which typically takes between a few seconds and a few hours. Deep learning methods have a significantly reduced test run time compared to machine learning algorithms, whose testing time scales linearly with the amount of data. Machine learning can be executed on less powerful hardware than deep learning.

It is critical to examine whether you have access to a high-performance GPU and a large amount of labeled data when picking between machine learning and deep learning. If neither of these are accessible, machine learning may be preferable to deep learning. Depending on your application, the volume of data you're processing, and the kind of problem you're aiming at solving, you can select from a variety of machine learning approaches and models. Deep learning is typically more complicated, so at least a few thousand images are required for accurate results. With a high-performance GPU, the model will analyze all these images in less time.

Guidelines for constructing and educating Deep Learning models

Deep learning models can be developed in a variety of ways. These methods include:

Learning at the zero point

In order to initiate the training process of a deep network from its initial state, it is important to gather a substantial amount of labeled data and formulate a network architecture that possesses the ability to acquire knowledge of the underlying features and model. This is useful for applications that are novel or will generate numerous output varieties. Due to the vast quantity of data and slow rate of learning, training these networks generally takes days or weeks.

Transfer learning

In the overwhelming majority of deep learning applications, transfer learning, which involves making minor modifications to a previously trained model, is used. You give a previously trained network, such as AlexNet or GoogleNet, new data-containing classes it has never seen before. The parameters of the network have been altered, and it can now classify canines and cats instead of a thousand other items. The computation time is reduced from minutes or hours to scant minutes or hours due to the drastic reduction in required data (from millions of photos to thousands).

Extracting features

Using the network as a feature extractor is a more specialized and uncommon application of deep learning. Since every layer is responsible for acquiring knowledge about a certain aspect of a picture, we can extract that knowledge at any stage of training. A machine learning model, like a support vector machine (SVM), can take these features as input and utilize them to make predictions.

Dropout

In an effort to reduce overfitting in networks with a large number of parameters, this training strategy arbitrarily eliminates units and their connections. In disciplines as diverse as computational biology, document categorization, and speech recognition, the dropout technique has been demonstrated to be effective for enhancing neural networks' supervised learning capabilities.

Job prospects in Deep Learning

There is a severe workforce deficit in the artificial intelligence sector. The hiring of individuals with robust learning abilities is crucial for enterprises seeking to maintain a competitive edge and foster a culture of innovation. All firms do not yet operate in this manner, although this is expected to change. Due to the fact that neither software engineers nor data scientists have all of the necessary skills, machine and deep learning engineers are in high demand. The position of machine and deep learning engineer has developed in response to this demand. As systems and tools for deep learning mature and proliferate across industries, growth will accelerate in the coming years.

Discover everything about Deep Learning

Never before has it been more thrilling to be a part of this emerging technology than it is right now. For those interested in professions in artificial intelligence and deep learning, Simplilearn provides training and tutorials. Learning the programming components of the open-source machine learning framework Tensorflow is the logical next step for anyone interested in pursuing a career in deep learning. To foster the next technological revolution, an educated and credentialed labor force is indispensable. The Cybersecurity Bootcamp is an exclusive opportunity to explore the fascinating domain of deep learning. Anomaly detection, behavior analysis, and risk prediction are just a few applications that can benefit from participants' newly acquired knowledge of neural networks, algorithms, and model training.

Constraints and challenges

There are disadvantages to utilizing a deep learning system, including:

  • They are limited to the information contained in the training data because they acquire knowledge by observing their surroundings. Models don't learn in a way that can be applied to the whole functional area if the user only has a small amount of data or if the data only comes from one source that isn't necessarily representative of the whole functional area.
  • Another major issue with deep learning models is the issue of bias. When a model is trained with biased data, the predictions that result are also biased. This is a challenging issue for deep learning developers since models learn to distinguish between minuscule differences in data items. Frequently, the programmer is kept in the shadows regarding which factors are used to make decisions. Without the programmer's knowledge, a facial recognition model, for example, could make assumptions about individuals based on their race or gender.
  • Another issue that becomes challenging for deep learning models is the rate at which they acquire knowledge. If the rate is too high, the model will quickly reach an unfavorable conclusion. Slow rates make it more difficult to solve the problem because they increase the likelihood that the process will become stalled.
  • In addition, the required infrastructure for deep learning models is restrictive. There is a need for high-performance multicore GPUs and other equivalent processing devices to reduce downtime and increase productivity. These devices are efficient but expensive and energy-intensive. Additionally, a solid-state drive with RAM and either a hard disk or RAM are required.
  • Inability to manage multiple duties simultaneously. Once trained, deep learning models lose their adaptability and cannot perform multiple tasks simultaneously. However, they are only efficient and accurate at solving one problem. It would be necessary to retrain the system even to address a comparable problem.
  • Existing deep learning algorithms are incapable of managing cognitive tasks such as programming or the scientific method, as well as long-term planning and algorithm-like data manipulation, even with massive amounts of data.

Conclusion

Deep learning imparts a complex form to machine learning. As the first phase in a machine learning procedure, relevant characteristics are extracted manually from photos. A model for classifying the items in the image is then constructed using the features. A deep learning-based method automatically extracts relevant features from photos. Deep learning also employs "end-to-end learning," which occurs when a network is given unprocessed data and a task to complete, such as classification, and it automatically learns to complete the task. Deep learning algorithms can manage an increasing amount of data over time, whereas shallow learning algorithms tend to converge. The term "shallow learning" is used to describe machine learning (ML) approaches that reach a performance ceiling when additional training data and examples are added. Generally speaking, as more data is added, deep learning networks improve.